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Linux permission commands guide:


Linux is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the same system. To ensure data security and privacy, Linux has a powerful permission system that allows users to control who can access what data.


There are three types of permissions in Linux:


  • 1. Read (r): Allows a user to view the contents of a file or directory.
  • 2. Write (w): Allows a user to modify the contents of a file or directory.
  • 3. Execute (x): Allows a user to execute a file or access a directory.


There are three types of users in Linux:


  • 1. Owner: The user who created the file or directory.
  • 2. Group: A group of users who have similar permissions.
  • 3. Others: Users who are not the owner or in the group.


The following commands are used to manage permissions in Linux:


  • 1. chmod: This command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory. The syntax is:


   `chmod [options] permissions file/directory`


   Options:

   - `-R`: Applies the changes recursively to all files and directories within the specified directory.

   - `-v`: Displays a message for each file or directory that has its permissions changed.

   - `-c`: Displays a message only for files or directories that have their permissions changed.


   Permissions:

   - `r`: Read permission

   - `w`: Write permission

   - `x`: Execute permission

   - `u`: User or owner

   - `g`: Group

   - `o`: Others

   - `a`: All (user, group, and others)


   Example:

   `chmod u+x file.txt` (Adds execute permission to the owner of the file.txt)


  • 2. chown: This command is used to change the owner of a file or directory. The syntax is:


   `chown [options] new_owner file/directory`


   Options:

   - `-R`: Applies the changes recursively to all files and directories within the specified directory.

   - `-v`: Displays a message for each file or directory that has its ownership changed.


   Example:

   `chown alice file.txt` (Changes the owner of file.txt to user alice)


  • 3. chgrp: This command is used to change the group of a file or directory. The syntax is:


   `chgrp [options] new_group file/directory`


   Options:

   - `-R`: Applies the changes recursively to all files and directories within the specified directory.

   - `-v`: Displays a message for each file or directory that has its group changed.


   Example:

   `chgrp staff file.txt` (Changes the group of file.txt to group staff)

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